Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative weight of expressiveness factors on dance genre with Analytic Hierarchy Process. Methods: Total 28 dance experts such as professors, dace psychologists, dance specialists, on each dance genre was asked to complete the pairewise comparison survey on the relative weighting. The data for eighteen experts were finally analyzed by Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results: For both Traditional and Creative Korean Dance, the relative weighting among factors were in order such as creative thinking (CT), motor skill for expression (MSE), passion of expression (PE), and outward expressive ability (OEA). For ballet genre, the relative weighting of OEA was the highest, and then CT, PE and MSE were following. At last, for modern dance, CT was the most important factor, and then were in order OEA, MSE and PE. Conclusion: We confirm that the relative importance of dancing expressiveness was meaningfully different among dance genre, and suggest that these results would provide basic information to construct contents for evaluation and education on the expressiveness for dance.

Purpose: of the study was to investigate whether aerobic exercise has a positive effect on executive function and EEG with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children and provides a basic data for relieving symptom and treatment to ADHD children. Methods: Research participants were totally 44 children. The group distribution was combination of exercise and methylphenidate group (n=16), methylphenidate group(n=14), and the control group(n=14). Research subjects pre.post measurement was made equally on executive function(WCST), and brain wave(EEG). Also, exercise program was progressed 3 times a week (every 60 minutes) during totally 8 weeks. Data processing in the experimental result was used PASW-PC 18.0 statistical program. The basic test on general characteristics and psychological variables in ADHD children before exercise was carried out one-way ANOVA. Also, a change in difference according to three groups and measurement period was carried out repeated measure analysis. To correctly analyze a change by factor, the paired t-test and repeated measured one-way ANOVA were carried out. Results: The 8-week aerobic exercise participation of children with ADHD was indicated to have positive effect on a change in executive function and EEG. Also, aerobic exercise was helpful to executive function and EEG. Based upon those results, we might expect to use for relax and improvement of negative symptoms with ADHD children.

Purpose: It has been debated that which method of implicit or explicit learning on motor skills is more effective in the field of motor learning. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of analogy learning as a means of implicit learning in rugby ball catch. Methods: The task was to catch a rugby ball falling without spin from a building about 8m tall. In this study, male middle school students(N=30) who have never played the sport before were randomly assigned into the analogy learning group, explicit learning group and control group. The analogy learning group was told to catch a baby doll, not a ball, falling from a building and read a news article describing that a person caught a baby falling from a building. They did not learn or receive any information regarding the rugby catching skill, but the participants of the analogy group had to cautiously catch the doll. On the other hand, the explicit learning group was provided with instructions and information regarding the skill and physical movement, and the participants in this group were asked to catch a rugby ball falling from the building. The control group was given no focus instructions. All participants practiced the task (8 times x 5 blocks) and performed a delayed retention test, delayed transfer test, and crossing task transfer test after two weeks. Results: Compared with the effects of explicit instructions and no instructions, the implicit instructions indicated that the analogy learning group enhanced learning on the delayed transfer test. The result means that it might be more beneficial than a direct explicit instruction focusing on physical movements of task itself. Conclusion: Thus, this study provided the evidence of the learning benefits of an implicit instruction for the rugby catching task. In addition, this study suggests coaches, instructors, and teachers apply a new method when teaching a novice as verbal instructions or directly teaching how to do it are not always necessary.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective learning method of non-dominant hand for the sequential timing performance. Methods: Twenty right-handed undergraduate and graduate students were randomly assigned to the non-dominant hand practice group that practiced with only non-dominant hand or the bimanual practice group that practiced with both hands simultaneously. The participant was asked to alternatively press two buttons six times with the index finger of the non-dominant hand or both hands in order to reproduce accurately the goal rhythm pattern (3,600ms in total duration). The goal rhythm pattern had three rhythm types and two perceptual structures, which the (in) congruent structure was that the structure of auditory signal was (or not) in accordance with that of visual signal. Results: Bimanual practice group was more effective for absolute-timing learning than non-dominant hand practice group. Although absolute timing performance improved in congruent structure during acquisition phase, the learning effect on absolute timing was occurred in incongruent structure. Relative timing performance of two groups improved in congruent structure during acquisition phase, but the learning effect on relative timing was occurred in both perceptual structures. Conclusion: We suggest that practice methods should be applied differently for absolute timing or relative timing, and the possibility of improving the learning effect of a non-dominant hand by utilizing an incongruent structure of visual-auditory information.

Purpose: Grounded on Achievement Goal Theory (AGT; Ames, 1992) and Basic Needs Theory(BNT; Deci & Ryan, 2000), the purpose of this study was to test the effect of AGE program on college students` psychological need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation in softball class. The AGE program was consisted of Authority, Grouping, and Evaluation dimensions originally emanated from TARGET structure. Methods: In the experimental design, fifty students were randomly assigned into either the control group(n=22) or the experimental group(n=28). The questionnaires were administered at the beginning and the end of the semester. Repeated measure two way ANOVA was used to test the effect of AGE program on students` psychological need(autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and intrinsic motivation. Results: As results, students in the experimental group showed greater psychological need satisfaction and intrinsic motivation than did students in the control group. Conclusion: The findings showed that AGE program satisfied students` psychological needs and motivated them intrinsically in college softball class.

Purpose: The present study attempted to integrate emotional processes into the self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) in order to substantially improve predictive power. More specifically, this study was to test the mediating roles of emotion (positive and negative) and self-regulated motivation (autonomous and controlled) in the relationship between social contextual factors (autonomy-supportive and controlling behavior) and engagement in physical education classes. Methods: A total of 603 middle school students (315 boys and 288 girls) participated in present study. The structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to test a baseline model and the two extended models including emotion associated with motivation to engagement. Results: Results confirmed a substantial increase of 13% and 15% in explained variance of engagement for the two the extended model, respectively. Positive emotion significantly mediated the motivation-engagement behaviour relationship, and autonomous motivation also positively moderated the emotion-engagement behavior relationship. The results of the SEM invariance test across the group indicated the significant group differences in direct and indirect paths. Conclusion: These results suggest that emotionally based motivation interventions aimed at increasing engagement in physical education classes may be helpful.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of Self Management Strategies and Sports Performance Strategies for Team Cohesion on women``s pro basketball team. Methods: Data was collected by a survey method from 89 Korean women`s professional basketball athletes for this study. The data analysis was conducted suing the PASW statistics ver. 18.0 with the factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise regression performed and Scheffe`s post-hoc was applied if when the results showed a significantly difference. Results: (1) group social cohesion, mental readiness, daily living management, physical conditioning, interpersonal relationship, condition control, and imagery-goal setting were significantly different by aging, (2) mental readiness, daily living management, physical conditioning, interpersonal relationship, training management, condition control, imagery-goal setting, and relaxation were significantly different by career, (3) group task cohesion, daily living management, physical conditioning, interpersonal relationship, and condition control were significantly different by average playing time, (4) no different by position, (5) Self Management Strategies (training management, daily living management, mental readiness) influenced Team Cohesion, and (6) condition control influenced Team Cohesion (individual social cohesion, individual task cohesion, group task cohesion). Conclusion: The women pro basketball players who have higher age, career, and average playing time than the others efforts harder with self management and sport performance strategies for maintaining and improving their athletic performance which influence to enhance team cohesion, and it finally supports team performance being advanced.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a stress test for students in physical education high schools and to verify the validity of the developed test. Methods: To develop the test, this study referred to the stress factors of students in physical education high schools, analyzed by Lee, Dong & Lee(2009) and designed a preliminary test with 42 questions of 7 factors. On the basis of the data of 544 students in three physical education high schools, this study conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine the structure and goodness-of-fit of the data, and performed reliability analysis. To verify the convergent validity of the confirmed test, it used the data of 82 students in one physical education high school. Lastly, based on the data of 626 students, it conducted factor invariance test and latent means analysis to investigate the difference between background variables. Results: It was found that the stress test for students in physical education high schools had the structure of four factors: athletic stress, conflict with teammates, coach stress, and life stress. According to the comparison between the test and other tests in terms of convergent validity, the developed test explained construct well. Factor invariance of each background variable was satisfied. According to the analysis of the difference between groups, women had more stress than men in terms of athletic stress and coach stress. The 1st year students had more conflict with teammates than the 2nd year students, and the 3rd year students had high athletic stress, coach stress and life stress.

Purpose: This study aimed to make an in-depth analysis of various reasons that gymnasts quitted gymnastics, prevent them from quitting gymnastics and provide basic data and information for the activation of gymnastics. Methods: Open-ended interview questions about ‘Gymnasts’ hard points’ and ‘circumstances which made them to want to quit gymnastics` were used for two coaches, three active players, junior high school students and above and two players who had already quitted gymnastics. The conceptual structure of quitting was analyzed for 1,022 male and female gymnasts, junior high school students and above, registered on Korea Gymnastic Association in 2013 through experts` conferences. Results: It was shown that gymnasts mainly quitted gymnastics due to several factors such as the risk of injury, authoritative guidance, hard training, unstable future, poor motivation, poor acting abilities (skills) and a lack of studies. Conclusion: The following measures should be taken to prevent gymnasts from quitting gymnastics: the control of training intensity, a guarantee of the right to learn, player-personalized guidance, the creation of a positive training atmosphere, adequate rest, the understanding of players` difficulties through on-going counseling and observation, coaches` efforts to develop players` potential talents and institutional support to prevent players from quitting gymnastics.